Towards More Inclusive Elections: State of the Art and Challenges of Electronic Voting for People with Disabilities in Developing Countries

Abstract

Aim: This study examines the current state of electronic voting (e-voting) technologies and their implications for accessibility among people with disabilities, particularly in developing countries. It identifies key technological solutions, existing barriers, and potential improvements to ensure a more inclusive electoral process.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, analyzing publications from 2018 to 2023 in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and IEEE. The selection criteria included studies that focus on e-voting technologies and their application to accessibility. Articles related to general electronic voting, without specific reference to disabilities, were excluded.

Results: The findings highlight blockchain technology as a promising solution due to its security and transparency features. However, major barriers remain, including the digital divide, lack of inclusive design, and absence of legal frameworks supporting electronic voting for people with disabilities. While some countries, such as Estonia, have successfully implemented remote voting, there are still no widespread solutions tailored specifically to people with disabilities in developing regions.

Conclusions: The study underscores the need for e-voting solutions that are designed with accessibility in mind from inception, ensuring usability without stigmatization. Future research should explore pilot implementations of accessible voting systems in developing countries, integrating biometrics and assistive technologies.

Limitations: The study is based on a literature review and does not include empirical testing of proposed solutions. Further validation through real-world implementation is required.